ERC404 is a new concept in the realm of crypto token development that combines the functionality of NFT and ERC20 tokens. This is an experimental token and is not included under EIP, due to its experimental status project owner can do customization as per their need. This token will act as both ERC20 and NFT, it has two types of transfer function. In the first transfer function, only the receiver address and amount are passed which will be used to transfer fraction tokens (ERC-20 tokens), and in other transfer functions, a receiver address, ID, and the amount will be passed. To access the NFT, we can use the standard NFT function like setting the base URI, and getting the URI from the token ID. The major difference in this standard is that you get both the functionalities under same hood.
See the example below to get an understanding of how ER404 works and how you can create your custom ERC404 token, for more about token standards, check out Unexplored ERC Token Standards On Ethereum.
The Core Library for the ERC404 Library
abstract contract ERC404 is Ownable2Step {
// Events
event ERC20Transfer(
address indexed from,
address indexed to,
uint256 amount
);
event Approval(
address indexed owner,
address indexed spender,
uint256 amount
);
event Transfer(
address indexed from,
address indexed to,
uint256 indexed id
);
event ERC721Approval(
address indexed owner,
address indexed spender,
uint256 indexed id
);
event ApprovalForAll(
address indexed owner,
address indexed operator,
bool approved
);
// Errors
error NotFound();
error AlreadyExists();
error InvalidRecipient();
error InvalidSender();
error UnsafeRecipient();
error Unauthorized();
error InvalidOwner();
// Metadata
/// @dev Token name
string public name;
/// @dev Token symbol
string public symbol;
/// @dev Decimals for fractional representation
uint8 public immutable decimals;
/// @dev Total supply in fractionalized representation
uint256 public immutable totalSupply;
/// @dev Current mint counter, monotonically increasing to ensure accurate ownership
uint256 public minted;
// Mappings
/// @dev Balance of user in fractional representation
mapping(address => uint256) public balanceOf;
/// @dev Allowance of user in fractional representation
mapping(address => mapping(address => uint256)) public allowance;
/// @dev Approval in native representaion
mapping(uint256 => address) public getApproved;
/// @dev Approval for all in native representation
mapping(address => mapping(address => bool)) public isApprovedForAll;
/// @dev Owner of id in native representation
mapping(uint256 => address) internal _ownerOf;
/// @dev Array of owned ids in native representation
mapping(address => uint256[]) internal _owned;
/// @dev Tracks indices for the _owned mapping
mapping(uint256 => uint256) internal _ownedIndex;
/// @dev Addresses whitelisted from minting / burning for gas savings (pairs, routers, etc)
mapping(address => bool) public whitelist;
// Constructor
constructor(
string memory _name,
string memory _symbol,
uint8 _decimals,
uint256 _totalNativeSupply,
address _owner
) Ownable(_owner) {
name = _name;
symbol = _symbol;
decimals = _decimals;
totalSupply = _totalNativeSupply * (10 ** decimals);
}
/// @notice Initialization function to set pairs / etc
/// saving gas by avoiding mint / burn on unnecessary targets
function setWhitelist(address target, bool state) public onlyOwner {
whitelist[target] = state;
}
/// @notice Function to find owner of a given native token
function ownerOf(uint256 id) public view virtual returns (address owner) {
owner = _ownerOf[id];
if (owner == address(0)) {
revert NotFound();
}
}
/// @notice tokenURI must be implemented by child contract
function tokenURI(uint256 id) public view virtual returns (string memory);
/// @notice Function for token approvals
/// @dev This function assumes id / native if amount less than or equal to current max id
function approve(
address spender,
uint256 amountOrId
) public virtual returns (bool) {
if (amountOrId <= minted && amountOrId > 0) {
address owner = _ownerOf[amountOrId];
if (msg.sender != owner && !isApprovedForAll[owner][msg.sender]) {
revert Unauthorized();
}
getApproved[amountOrId] = spender;
emit Approval(owner, spender, amountOrId);
} else {
allowance[msg.sender][spender] = amountOrId;
emit Approval(msg.sender, spender, amountOrId);
}
return true;
}
/// @notice Function native approvals
function setApprovalForAll(address operator, bool approved) public virtual {
isApprovedForAll[msg.sender][operator] = approved;
emit ApprovalForAll(msg.sender, operator, approved);
}
/// @notice Function for mixed transfers
/// @dev This function assumes id / native if amount less than or equal to current max id
function transferFrom(
address from,
address to,
uint256 amountOrId
) public virtual {
if (amountOrId <= minted) {
if (from != _ownerOf[amountOrId]) {
revert InvalidSender();
}
if (to == address(0)) {
revert InvalidRecipient();
}
if (
msg.sender != from &&
!isApprovedForAll[from][msg.sender] &&
msg.sender != getApproved[amountOrId]
) {
revert Unauthorized();
}
balanceOf[from] -= _getUnit();
unchecked {
balanceOf[to] += _getUnit();
}
_ownerOf[amountOrId] = to;
delete getApproved[amountOrId];
// update _owned for sender
uint256 updatedId = _owned[from][_owned[from].length - 1];
_owned[from][_ownedIndex[amountOrId]] = updatedId;
// pop
_owned[from].pop();
// update index for the moved id
_ownedIndex[updatedId] = _ownedIndex[amountOrId];
// push token to to owned
_owned[to].push(amountOrId);
// update index for to owned
_ownedIndex[amountOrId] = _owned[to].length - 1;
emit Transfer(from, to, amountOrId);
emit ERC20Transfer(from, to, _getUnit());
} else {
uint256 allowed = allowance[from][msg.sender];
if (allowed != type(uint256).max)
allowance[from][msg.sender] = allowed - amountOrId;
_transfer(from, to, amountOrId);
}
}
/// @notice Function for fractional transfers
function transfer(
address to,
uint256 amount
) public virtual returns (bool) {
return _transfer(msg.sender, to, amount);
}
/// @notice Function for native transfers with contract support
function safeTransferFrom(
address from,
address to,
uint256 id
) public virtual {
transferFrom(from, to, id);
if (
to.code.length != 0 &&
ERC721Receiver(to).onERC721Received(msg.sender, from, id, "") !=
ERC721Receiver.onERC721Received.selector
) {
revert UnsafeRecipient();
}
}
/// @notice Function for native transfers with contract support and callback data
function safeTransferFrom(
address from,
address to,
uint256 id,
bytes calldata data
) public virtual {
transferFrom(from, to, id);
if (
to.code.length != 0 &&
ERC721Receiver(to).onERC721Received(msg.sender, from, id, data) !=
ERC721Receiver.onERC721Received.selector
) {
revert UnsafeRecipient();
}
}
/// @notice Internal function for fractional transfers
function _transfer(
address from,
address to,
uint256 amount
) internal virtual returns (bool) {
uint256 unit = _getUnit();
uint256 balanceBeforeSender = balanceOf[from];
uint256 balanceBeforeReceiver = balanceOf[to];
balanceOf[from] -= amount;
unchecked {
balanceOf[to] += amount;
}
// Skip burn for certain addresses to save gas
if (!whitelist[from]) {
uint256 tokens_to_burn = (balanceBeforeSender / unit) -
(balanceOf[from] / unit);
for (uint256 i = 0; i < tokens_to_burn; i++) {
_burn(from);
}
}
// Skip minting for certain addresses to save gas
if (!whitelist[to]) {
uint256 tokens_to_mint = (balanceOf[to] / unit) -
(balanceBeforeReceiver / unit);
for (uint256 i = 0; i < tokens_to_mint; i++) {
_mint(to);
}
}
emit ERC20Transfer(from, to, amount);
return true;
}
// Internal utility logic
function _getUnit() internal view returns (uint256) {
return 10 ** decimals;
}
function _mint(address to) internal virtual {
if (to == address(0)) {
revert InvalidRecipient();
}
unchecked {
minted++;
}
uint256 id = minted;
if (_ownerOf[id] != address(0)) {
revert AlreadyExists();
}
_ownerOf[id] = to;
_owned[to].push(id);
_ownedIndex[id] = _owned[to].length - 1;
emit Transfer(address(0), to, id);
}
function _burn(address from) internal virtual {
if (from == address(0)) {
revert InvalidSender();
}
uint256 id = _owned[from][_owned[from].length - 1];
_owned[from].pop();
delete _ownedIndex[id];
delete _ownerOf[id];
delete getApproved[id];
emit Transfer(from, address(0), id);
}
function _setNameSymbol(
string memory _name,
string memory _symbol
) internal {
name = _name;
symbol = _symbol;
}
}
Note: You can use Openzeppelin for import libraries like ownable2step, pausable, ERC721, etc.
The next step will be to inherit this library into the main contract to use the functionality.
contract SampleToken is ERC404, Pausable, ReentrancyGuard {
string public baseTokenURI;
using Strings for uint256;
constructor(
address _owner,
uint256 _initialSupply,
uint8 _decimal
) ERC404("Sample", "SAMPLE", _decimal, _initialSupply, _owner) {
balanceOf[_owner] = _initialSupply * 10 ** _decimal;
}
function _mint(
address to
) internal override whenNotPaused{
return super._mint(to);
}
function _transfer(
address from,
address to,
uint256 amount
) internal override virtual whenNotPaused returns (bool){
return super._transfer(from, to, amount);
}
function setTokenURI(string memory _tokenURI) public onlyOwner {
baseTokenURI = _tokenURI;
}
function setNameSymbol(
string memory _name,
string memory _symbol
) public onlyOwner {
_setNameSymbol(_name, _symbol);
}
function tokenURI(uint256 id) public view override returns (string memory) {
return bytes(baseTokenURI).length > 0 ? string.concat(baseTokenURI, id.toString(), ".json") : "";
}
}
Now the contracts are ready, we can either use remix or hardhat for deployment over the network. After the deployment, the owner will get the initial supply of tokens. In the above example, mint is only overridden internally but not used after that, you can write your custom logic for minting NFT, and after that use that same mint function to mint NFT. For setting the base URI use the function "setTokenURI".
Conclusion:
This blog gives you a brief idea about ERC404 and how we can create a token with this Ethereum token standard, you can write your custom on top of this code base to add functionality like tax, whitelisting, blacklist, reflection mechanism, etc. Connect with our smart contract developers to get started with your project/token development.
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