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Optimism Platform: Developing and Implementing Layer 2 Smart Contracts
Due to network congestion and high transaction fees, Layer 2 smart contract development was introduced to enhance scalability and efficiency. Optimism, with its unique technical design, aims to address Ethereum's scalability and fee challenges. It achieves this by maintaining continuous interaction with Ethereum's Layer 1 while processing transactions on its Layer 2 for greater cost-effectiveness and efficiency.Why use optimism ?1. It reduces gas transactionsduring transactions.2. It processes transactions efficiently.3. Like a layer 1 smart contract, it offers enhanced security.You may also like | How to Scale Smart Contracts with State ChannelsWhat is the process by which Optimism functions and manages transactions?Optimism employs a cutting-edge data compression technique called Optimistic Rollups, a revolutionary method for scaling the Ethereum blockchain developed by the Optimism Foundation. Rollups are categorized into two types: Optimistic Rollups, pioneered by the Optimism Foundation, and Zero-Knowledge Rollups (ZK Rollups).Optimistic Rollups enhance processing efficiency by offloading a significant portion of transaction data off-chain. Unlike other sidechains, they still publish a small amount of data to Ethereum's Layer 1 network for validation, ensuring robust security.Unlike ZK Rollups, which publish cryptographic proofs of transaction validity, Optimistic Rollups assume off-chain transactions are valid by default and do not include proofs for on-chain transaction batches. To prevent incorrect state transitions, fraud proofs are employed. These proofs ensure Ethereum Optimism transactions are executed correctly.At the core of this functionality is the Optimistic Virtual Machine (OVM), which acts as a sandbox environment, ensuring deterministic smart contract execution between Layer 1 and Layer 2. While both the OVM and Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) handle computations, the OVM serves as an interface for the EVM.The Execution Manager facilitates virtualization, enabling seamless comparison between EVM and OVM executions. The Solidity compiler plays a key role, in translating Solidity code into Yul, which is then converted into EVM instructions and compiled into bytecode. Once converted to EVM assembly, each opcode is “rewritten” into its OVM equivalent, ensuring compatibility with the Optimistic Virtual Machine (OVM).Also, Explore | Build a Secure Smart Contract Using zk-SNARKs in SolidityAdvantages of Optimiser:1. Optimism provides faster transaction rates ranging from 200 to 2000 tps compared to Ethereum layer 1 which only manages roughly 10 TPS.2. All transaction data is securely saved on Ethereum's Layer 1, ensuring that the ecosystem stays decentralized and credible.3. Optimistic Rollups are entirely Ethereum in sync, providing the same characteristics and features via EVM and Solidity.Drawbacks of Optimiser:1. With only 5.85% of its entire supply being in circulation, there is still an immense number of tokens to be produced, which could have a consequence on the market2. Optimism's market capitalization is comparable to that of Polygon, a leading scaling solution, which may convey that the company is now undervalued potentially paving the way for a price correction.You may also explore | Multi-Level Staking Smart Contract on Ethereum with SolidityPopular DApps on Optimism Blockchain:UniSwap,Stargate Finance,Sonne Finance,1inch Network,Celer Network.Steps follow to Deploy Smart Contract on optimism :Setting Up the Environment1. Install necessary tools:Npm (or yarn) and Node.js: Ensure the most recent versions are installed.Hardhat: An Ethereum development environment. Use npm to install it globally:Bash: npm install -g hardhat2. Establish a New Hardhat Project: Start a new one.Bash: npx hardhat init3. Configure the Hardhat network:Modify the hardhat.config.js file to add the testnet setup for Optimism Sepolia:require("@nomicfoundation/hardhat-toolbox");
module.exports = {
solidity: "0.8.20",
networks: {
opSepolia: {
url: 'YOUR OP_SOPOLIA TEST_NET RPC',
accounts: ["YOUR_PRIVATE_KEY"],
},
},
};Implement an ERC-20 token by creating a new Solidity file, mytoken.sol, and pasting the following code into your contracts directory :// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.20;
contract OPToken {
string public name;
string public symbol;
uint8 public decimals;
uint256 public totalSupply;
mapping(address => uint256) public balanceOf;
mapping(address => mapping(address => uint256)) public allowance;
event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value);
event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint256 value);
constructor(string memory _name, string memory _symbol, uint8 _decimals, uint256 _initialSupply) {
name = _name;
symbol = _symbol;
decimals = _decimals;
totalSupply = _initialSupply * (10 ** uint256(decimals));
balanceOf[msg.sender] = totalSupply; // Assign all tokens to the deployer
}
function transfer(address _to, uint256 _value) public returns (bool success) {
require(balanceOf[msg.sender] >= _value, "Insufficient balance");
_transfer(msg.sender, _to, _value);
return true;
}
function _transfer(address _from, address _to, uint256 _value) internal {
require(_to != address(0), "Cannot transfer to zero address");
balanceOf[_from] -= _value;
balanceOf[_to] += _value;
emit Transfer(_from, _to, _value);
}
function approve(address _spender, uint256 _value) public returns (bool success) {
allowance[msg.sender][_spender] = _value;
emit Approval(msg.sender, _spender, _value);
return true;
}
function transferFrom(address _from, address _to, uint256 _value) public returns (bool success) {
require(balanceOf[_from] >= _value, "Insufficient balance");
require(allowance[_from][msg.sender] >= _value, "Allowance exceeded");
_transfer(_from, _to, _value);
allowance[_from][msg.sender] -= _value;
return true;
}
}Also, Check | How to Write and Deploy Modular Smart Contracts4. Compile the Contract.Within your terminal, execute the following command:Bash: Npx Hardhat Compile5. Deploy the Contract:Make a scripts/deploy.js file to automate the deployment procedure:async function main() {
const MyToken = await hre.ethers.getContractFactory("MyToken");
const myToken = await MyToken.deploy("MyToken", "MTK", 18, 1000000);
await myToken.deployed();
console.log("MyToken deployed to:", myToken.address);
}
main().catch((error) => {
console.error(error);
process.exitCode = 1;
});Deploy the contract via the Hardhat console:Bash:Run scripts/deploy.js --network opSepolia using npx hardhatAlso, Explore | How to Deploy a Smart Contract to Polygon zkEVM TestnetConclusion:Optimism aims to enhance the Ethereum ecosystem by offering scalable Layer 2 solutions. While its optimistic roll-up methodology shares similarities with others, its implementation and features set it apart. Currently a strong second-place contender, Optimism has the potential to challenge Arbitrum's dominance in the future. If you are looking to build your project leveraging Optimism blockchain, connect with our expert blockchain developers to get started.
Tushar Shrivastava
24 Dec 2024
How to Implement a Merkle Tree for Secure Data Verification
What is a Merkle Tree?A Merkle Tree is a binary tree structure where each node contains a hash. Leaf nodes hold hashes of individual data blocks, while non-leaf nodes contain hashes formed by combining the hashes of their children. The Merkle root is at the top of the tree, a single hash representing the entire dataset's integrity. For more related to blockchain and smart contracts, visit our smart contract development services.To illustrate, a simple Merkle Tree with four transactions (A, B, C, D) might look like this: Root
/ \
HashAB HashCD
/ \ / \
HashA HashB HashC HashD Each leaf node (HashA, HashB, etc.) is derived from hashing individual transactions.Each non-leaf node is derived by hashing the concatenated values of its child nodes.The Merkle root is the final hash, summarizing the entire tree.Merkle Trees are widely used in blockchain, where they help prove data integrity without requiring all data to be present.You may also like | How to Write and Deploy Modular Smart ContractsWhy Use a Merkle Tree in Blockchain?Merkle Trees play a fundamental role in blockchain networks. They offer several advantages:Efficient Verification: Verifying data integrity can be done by checking only a subset of hashes rather than the whole dataset.Data Privacy: With a Merkle Tree, individual blocks or transactions can be verified without revealing their content.Efficient Storage: Only the Merkle root needs to be stored on-chain, reducing storage requirements.Also, Read | ERC 4337 : Account Abstraction for Ethereum Smart Contract WalletsImplementing a Merkle Tree in SolidityLet's dive into a Solidity implementation. In this example, we'll create a simple Merkle Tree contract where users can verify whether a specific data entry is part of a dataset represented by a Merkle root.Step 1: Setting Up the ContractWe'll start by defining a contract and importing OpenZeppelin's MerkleProof library, which provides helper functions for verifying proofs.// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
import "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/cryptography/MerkleProof.sol";
contract MerkleTreeExample {
bytes32 public merkleRoot;
constructor(bytes32 _root) {
merkleRoot = _root;
}
function verify(bytes32[] memory proof, bytes32 leaf) public view returns (bool) {
return MerkleProof.verify(proof, merkleRoot, leaf);
}
}Merkle Root: The contract stores a merkleRoot, which represents the root hash of the Merkle Tree.Constructor: When deploying the contract, we pass a merkleRoot representing the tree's top-level hash.Verify Function: The verify function takes a proof (array of sibling hashes) and a leaf node. It then uses OpenZeppelin MerkleProof.verify to check if the leaf is part of the Merkle Tree represented by merkleRoot.Also, Explore | How to Create Play-to-Earn Gaming Smart ContractsStep 2: Generating ProofsA Merkle proof is required to verify that a data block is in the tree. A Merkle proof is an array of hashes that helps trace a path from a leaf to the root. Off-chain tools or scripts are typically used to generate Merkle proofs. Here's an example in JavaScript for generating a proof:const { MerkleTree } = require('merkletreejs');
const keccak256 = require('keccak256');
// Sample data
const leaves = ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'].map(x => keccak256(x));
const tree = new MerkleTree(leaves, keccak256, { sortPairs: true });
const root = tree.getRoot().toString('hex');
// Get proof for leaf 'A'
const leaf = keccak256('A');
const proof = tree.getProof(leaf).map(x => x.data.toString('hex'));
console.log("Merkle Root:", root);
console.log("Proof for 'A':", proof);
Also, Read | How to Create a Smart Contract for Lottery SystemStep 3: Verifying Proofs On-ChainOnce a Merkle proof is generated, it can be passed to our Solidity contract to verify membership. The verify function will only return true if the proof successfully traces the leaf to the Merkle root.Here's how it works:Input: Pass the proof (array of sibling hashes) and leaf (hash of data block) to the verify function.Result: The function returns true if the leaf can be traced to the merkleRoot using the proof, confirming that the data is part of the tree.Example ScenarioImagine you want to verify whether a transaction 0xabc123... is part of a dataset. Here's how it would look on-chain:Generate a proof for 0xabc123... off-chain.Call verify(proof, leaf) on the contract with the proof and leaf.The function returns true if the transaction is part of the dataset.Practical Use CasesMerkle Trees are powerful tools in various blockchain applications:Token Airdrops: Use a Merkle Tree to verify wallet eligibility for an airdrop without storing the entire list on-chain.Zero-Knowledge Proofs: Efficiently verify membership in a set while preserving privacy.File Storage Verification: Services like IPFS can use Merkle Trees to prove that file chunks haven't been tampered with.Voting Systems: Merkle Trees can validate votes securely without disclosing vote details, ensuring privacy.Also, Check | How to Create a Smart Contract for Lottery SystemConclusionIn conclusion, Merkle Trees are indispensable in blockchain technology, providing efficient and secure ways to verify data integrity without storing or revealing entire datasets. By hashing and organizing data into a tree structure, they allow users to verify specific data entries with minimal storage requirements and strong cryptographic security. This makes them ideal for diverse applications, such as token airdrops, file storage verification, and privacy-preserving voting systems. Implementing Merkle Trees in Solidity enables seamless on-chain data verification, enhancing trust and security within decentralized ecosystems. If you have a blockchain-powered vision that you want to bring into reality, connect with our skilled solidity developers to get started.
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Deepak Thakur
29 Oct 2024
Smart Contract Upgradability | Proxy Patterns in Solidity
Once deployed, smart contracts cannot be changed or tampered with since they are immutable. However, a contemporary method of smart contract development that can be upgraded is the Ethereum blockchain's Universal Upgradeable Proxy Standard (UUPS). By making the upgrading process easier and improving gas efficiency, it overcomes some drawbacks of earlier proxy patterns, most notably the Transparent Proxy Pattern.UUPS consists of two main components: theproxy andimplementation contracts.Smart Contract Upgradability | Proxy Patterns in Soliditya)Proxy ContractMaintains a specific storage slot for the address of the implementation contract.Users interact with the proxy rather than the implementation directly. This ensures that state and logic remain consistent across upgradesb) Implementation Contract`When deploying a UUPS setup, it's essential to initialize the implementation through the proxy to ensure that state variables are stored correctly in the proxy's storage rather than in the implementation's storage, which is essential for maintaining the integrity and upgradeability of the contract.All the versions of the implementation contract share the same storage space so that`s why sequencing matters while initializing variables.In the UUPS pattern, constructors are generally not used due to the proxy design.Reasons for Not Using ConstructorsStorage SeparationThe implementation contract does not directly manage state variables; instead, these variables are stored in the proxy's storage. Since constructors are executed during contract deployment and would initialize state variables in the implementation contract, using them wouldlead to incorrect storage allocation and could result in state variables being stored in the implementation rather than the proxy.Also, Check | How to Create a Simple Supply Chain Smart ContractInitialization FunctionThese contracts utilize an initializer function that is called after deployment. This function is designed to set up state variables and can include security mechanisms to ensure it is only called once, preventing re-initialization attacks.// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity 0.8.28;
import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/token/ERC20/ERC20Upgradeable.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/access/OwnableUpgradeable.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/proxy/utils/UUPSUpgradeable.sol";
contract Version1 is
Initializable,
ERC20Upgradeable,
UUPSUpgradeable,
OwnableUpgradeable
{
uint256 public value;
// Initializer function to replace constructor
function initialize() public initializer {
__ERC20_init("Mars", "MARS");
__Ownable_init(_msgSender()); // Pass the owner address here
value = 5;
__UUPSUpgradeable_init();
_mint(msg.sender, 10000000 * 10 ** decimals());
}
// Upgradeable authorization for upgrades (only owner can upgrade)
function _authorizeUpgrade(
address newImplementation
) internal override onlyOwner {}
function getValue() public view returns (uint256) {
return value;
}
}
contract Version2 is Version1 {
function version() public pure returns (string memory) {
return "V2";
}
}
contract Version3 is Version1 {
function version() public pure returns (string memory) {
return "V3";
}
}For the above contract we are upgrading the contract versions from "V`1" to "V3", below are the test cases for the proxy contract.Also, Explore | How to Write and Deploy Modular Smart Contractsconst {
loadFixture,
} = require("@nomicfoundation/hardhat-toolbox/network-helpers");
const hardhat = require("hardhat");
const assert = require("assert");
describe("Proxy", function () {
describe("Deployment", async function () {
async function deployOneYearLockFixture() {
const contract = await hardhat.ethers.getContractFactory("Version1");
const contractVersion2 = await hardhat.ethers.getContractFactory("Version2");
const contractVersion3 = await hardhat.ethers.getContractFactory("Version3");
const proxyContract = await hardhat.upgrades.deployProxy(contract, { kind: "uups" })
return { proxyContract, contractVersion3, contractVersion2 }
}
describe("Versions", function () {
it("Should set the right output", async function () {
const { contractVersion3, proxyContract, contractVersion2 } = await loadFixture(deployOneYearLockFixture);
assert(await proxyContract.name() == 'Mars')
assert(await proxyContract.getValue() == 5n)
const contractV2 = await hardhat.upgrades.upgradeProxy(proxyContract, contractVersion2)
assert(await contractV2.getValue() == 5n)
assert(await contractV2.version() == 'V2')
const contractV3 = await hardhat.upgrades.upgradeProxy(proxyContract, contractVersion3)
assert(await contractV3.getValue() == 5n)
assert(await contractV3.version() == 'V3')
});
});
})
})Use the following command to run and verify the test cases for the proxy contract
- npx hardhat testAlso, Read | How to Create Play-to-Earn Gaming Smart ContractsConclusionIn conclusion, the Universal Upgradeable Proxy Standard (UUPS) provides a robust framework for developing upgradeable smart contracts on Ethereum. By leveraging a proxy architecture that separates logic from state, it allows for efficient upgrades while maintaining critical aspects of security and decentralization inherent to blockchain technology. As smart contract developers continue to navigate the complexities of smart contract deployment and management, UUPS stands out as a preferred method for ensuring that decentralized applications can evolve over time without compromising their foundational integrity.
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Sarthak Saxena
29 Oct 2024
Boost MLM Growth with Blockchain Smart Contract Development
In this article, discover two emerging concepts carrying a significant potential to revamp the current paradigm of global businesses. We will take a look at the integration of Multi-Level Marketing (MLM) platform development, cryptocurrency, and smart contracts.We need to understand the basic concepts of smart contract development, MLM, and cryptocurrency before that.
MLM Marketing
Essentially, MLM operates as an expandable mechanism in which people keep encouraging new members to join for the expansion of operations. In the MLM model, the contribution of every single member and incentive distribution as per their performance becomes essential. Therefore, it is necessary to bridge a connection between end-users and wholesalers as both serve as the base of this business.MLM models are successful as the network expands rapidly while giving leeway for every member of the network to taste success. Now, let's take a look at the types of multi-level marketing.
MLM models come in various types which make it easy for enterprises to expand the distribution of products or services by adopting one of its structures like matrix MLM plan, investment MLM plan, uni-level MLM plan, stair-step MLM plan, Australian binary plan, generation MLM plan, binary MLM Plan, broad plan MLM plan, etc. An enterprise must seek the service of a smart contract and cryptocurrency development company that holds expertise in developing both concepts
MLM Business | Advantages
Adopting an MLM business plan can provide flexibility, cost-effective operation, a good scope of income,no time and place limit, insignificant quantum of risk, high leverage, progressive business model, and diverse models to choose from. If you think MLM is not an efficient marketing model, the integration of smart contracts with cryptocurrency into the structure can completely change your perception. It might surprise you how smart contract solutions development for cryptocurrency-based MLM models eliminates the flaws of the mechanism.
Smart Contract Powered MLM
MLM emerges as one of the convenient and affordable methods to expand a business as well as its customer reach. The distribution network businesses indispensable functions and tools that enthuse synergy a company's working. The tools and functions also provide more stability for the scalability of business within its respective domain.
Smart Contract Integration
When we integrate smart contracts solutions into the working of an MLM business structure, it simplifies the selling while making it integral to the perpetual growth of the enterprise. With a peer-to-peer architecture, it generates more assets for the company. When smart contracts are configured into the core of your enterprise, it provides multiple advantages. It eliminates the chances of fraud that most of the wholesalers and end-users are exposed to. The inclusion of smart contracts brings a high level of precision in operations while establishing a strong trusted network. The integration enables automated transactions with authorized techniques.
Blockchain Smart Contracts and MLM
Smart contracts work according to blockchain's characteristics like immutability, transparency, traceability, and efficiency to maintain anonymity in the transactions. Indeed, blockchain smart contracts enable business owners to review terms and conditions and customize them as per their enterprise needs. It is crucial to hire a blockchain and crypto development company that can make the system as descriptive as possible.
PoweringMLM business with blockchain smart contracts eliminates the chances of the scamming of an MLM business. Also, the use of smart contracts empowers all types of MLM business plans. An MLM Platform powered by a smart contract solution excludes the involvement of all third-parties, establishes a peer to peer architecture, provides multiple payment gateways, eliminates malpractices, ensures strengthened data security, fast and secure transactions, effortless traceability, anonymity and transparency, and whatnot.
Also, Read |How Smart Contracts Fuel The Blockchain Technology
Cryptocurrency and smart contract MLM development company
A company that has deft developers who are well-versed with these concepts can bring this efficient business model into realization. Oodles is a cryptocurrency and smart contract development company. We provide first-rate crypto MLM software programs enabled with smart contracts. Additionally, yy adopting an overarching approach, our team ensures that your enterprise gets efficient crypto MLM and smart contract solutions. Our services offer a high level of efficacy to the core structure of an MLM business model. Further, meticulous assessment of your requirements ensures that you get a flawless outcome for perpetual progress.
We empower an MLM business with cloud-based solutions, decentralized applications, crypto promotion tactics, cryptocurrency integration, CRM integration, e-commerce integration, e-wallet, multiple payment gateways, safer and faster transactions, fast payouts, end-to-end transparency, bug-free MLM script development, MLM data migration, and more.
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Mudit Kumar
16 Apr 2020
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