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How to Build Automated Market Maker (AMM) Logic in Solidity Automated Market Maker (AMM) model sits at the heart of crypto exchange transformation, a fundamental innovation powering many centralized crypto exchange platforms and decentralized exchanges (DEXs). It is a protocol, integrated using crypto exchange development, that allows cryptocurrency trading without using traditional order books. Instead of matching buy and sell orders, AMMs rely on liquidity pools that use mathematical formulas to determine prices. Users can trade directly with the pool, and prices are adjusted based on supply and demand within the pool.Explore | An Exhaustive Introduction to Automated Market Makers (AMM)Steps to Implement AMM Logic in Solidity1. Setting up the Development EnvironmentInstall Node.js: Node.js is required for running the necessary scripts and tools.Install Hardhat: Hardhat is a development framework for building and testing smart contracts. Install it by running the following command:Create a Hardhat Project: Initialize a new Hardhat project by running: npx hardhat init2. Create the ContractInside the contracts directory, create a new file named Amm.sol. This Solidity file will hold our Amm logic.3. Implement the ContractProgram : // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT pragma solidity ^0.8.27; contract TokenV2SwapAmm{ address private constant UNISWAPV2ROUTER = 0x7a250d5630B4cF539739dF2C5dAcb4c659F2488D; address private constant WETH_TOKEN = 0xC02aaA39b223FE8D0A0e5C4F27eAD9083C756Cc2; address private constant DAI_TOKEN = 0x6B175474E89094C44Da98b954EedeAC495271d0F; address constant USDC_TOKEN = 0xA0b86991c6218b36c1d19D4a2e9Eb0cE3606eB48; IUniswapV2Router private myrouter = IUniswapV2Router(UNISWAPV2ROUTER); IERC20 private weth_token = IERC20(WETH_TOKEN); IERC20 private dai_token = IERC20(DAI_TOKEN); // Swap WETH_TOKEN to DAI_TOKEN function swapSingleHopExactAmountIn(uint256 amount_In, uint256 amount_OutMin) external returns (uint256 amountOut) { weth_token.transferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), amount_In); weth_token.approve(address(myrouter), amount_In); address[] memory route; route = new address[](2); route[0] = WETH_TOKEN; route[1] = DAI_TOKEN; uint256[] memory amounts = myrouter.swapExactTokensForTokens( amount_In, amount_OutMin, route, msg.sender, block.timestamp ); // amounts[0] = WETH_TOKEN amount, amounts[1] = DAI_TOKEN amount return amounts[1]; } // Swap DAI_TOKEN -> WETH_TOKEN -> USDC_TOKEN function swapMultiHopExactAmountIn(uint256 amount_In, uint256 amount_OutMin) external returns (uint256 amountOut) { dai_token.transferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), amount_In); dai_token.approve(address(myrouter), amount_In); address[] memory route; route = new address[](3); route[0] = DAI_TOKEN; route[1] = WETH_TOKEN; route[2] = USDC_TOKEN; uint256[] memory amounts = myrouter.swapExactTokensForTokens( amount_In, amount_OutMin, route, msg.sender, block.timestamp ); // amounts[0] = DAI_TOKEN amount // amounts[1] = WETH_TOKEN amount // amounts[2] = USDC_TOKEN amount return amounts[2]; } // Swap WETH_TOKEN to DAI_TOKEN function swapSingleHopExactAmountOut( uint256 amountOutRequired, uint256 amounttInMaxreq ) external returns (uint256 amountOut) { weth_token.transferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), amounttInMaxreq); weth_token.approve(address(myrouter), amounttInMaxreq); address[] memory route; route = new address[](2); route[0] = WETH_TOKEN; route[1] = DAI_TOKEN; uint256[] memory amounts = myrouter.swapTokensForExactTokens( amountOutRequired, amounttInMaxreq, route, msg.sender, block.timestamp ); // Refund WETH_TOKEN to msg.sender if (amounts[0] < amounttInMaxreq) { weth_token.transfer(msg.sender, amounttInMaxreq - amounts[0]); } return amounts[1]; } // Swap DAI_TOKEN -> WETH_TOKEN -> USDC_TOKEN function swapMultiHopExactAmountOut( uint256 amountOutRequired, uint256 amounttInMaxreq ) external returns (uint256 amountOut) { dai_token.transferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), amounttInMaxreq); dai_token.approve(address(myrouter), amounttInMaxreq); address[] memory route; route = new address[](3); route[0] = DAI_TOKEN; route[1] = WETH_TOKEN; route[2] = USDC_TOKEN; uint256[] memory amounts = myrouter.swapTokensForExactTokens( amountOutRequired, amounttInMaxreq, route, msg.sender, block.timestamp ); // Refund DAI_TOKEN to msg.sender if (amounts[0] < amounttInMaxreq) { dai_token.transfer(msg.sender, amounttInMaxreq - amounts[0]); } return amounts[2]; } } interface IUniswapV2Router { function swapExactTokensForTokens( uint256 amount_In, uint256 amount_OutMin, address[] calldata route, address to, uint256 deadline ) external returns (uint256[] memory amounts); function swapTokensForExactTokens( uint256 amountOut, uint256 amounttInMaxreq, address[] calldata route, address to, uint256 deadline ) external returns (uint256[] memory amounts); } interface IERC20 { function totalSupply() external view returns (uint256); function balanceOf(address account) external view returns (uint256); function transfer(address recipient, uint256 amount) external returns (bool); function allowance(address owner, address spender) external view returns (uint256); function approve(address spender, uint256 amount) external returns (bool); function transferFrom(address sender, address recipient, uint256 amount) external returns (bool); } interface IWETH_TOKEN is IERC20 { function deposit() external payable; function withdraw(uint256 amount) external; }Create the ContractInside the contracts directory, create a new file named Amm.sol. This Solidity file will contain the AMM logic for token swaps.Implement the AMM Logic in SolidityThe following code snippet implements the AMM logic for token swaps using Uniswap's V2 router. async function main() { const Ammswap = await ethers.getContractFactory('TokenV2SwapAmm'); const swap = await Ammswap.deploy(); await swap.deployed(); console.log('Amm logic deployed to:', swap.address); } main().catch((error) => { console.error(error); process.exitCode = 1; }); Testing the Contract1. Write Tests: - In the test directory, create a new file for the tests.- Use Hardhat's testing framework to write tests for your contract.2. Run Tests: npx hardhat test Also, Explore | Identifying Smart Contract Orchestration Patterns in SolidityConclusionCongratulations on implementing Automated Market Maker (AMM) Logic in Solidity and deploying your contract on Ethereum.Ready to take your decentralized Amm swap system to the next level? Contact our expert blockchain developers at Oodles to transform your vision into a robust, feature-rich solution tailored to your specific needs. Let's innovate together and redefine the future of Amm swap.

Technology: SOLIDITY , HTML,CSS more Category: Blockchain

Krishan Chand

28 Nov 2024

Integrating Web3 Authentication into a Next.js Application After web1 and web2, Web3 development is now transforming how users interact with applications by leveraging blockchain technology for authentication and identity management. Integrating Web3 authentication into a Next.js application allows users to log in securely without traditional passwords, relying instead on their crypto wallets, such as MetaMask. This guide walks through the process of integrating Web3 authentication step by step.Also, Check | Embracing Web3 and Metaverse: The Next Digital RevolutionPrerequisitesFamiliarity withNext.js and React.A basic understanding ofEthereum wallets like MetaMask.Node.js installed (preferably v20 or later).An active Ethereum wallet for testing.Explore | Develop a Multi-Token Crypto Wallet for Ethereum with Web3.jsIntegrating Web3 Authentication into a Next.js ApplicationSetting Up a Next.js ApplicationBegin by creating a new Next.js project:npx create-next-app@latest web3-auth-nextjs cd web3-auth-nextjs npm install ethersHere, we use theethers library to interact with Ethereum wallets.Step 1: Adding Wallet Connection LogicCreate a utility for connecting to a wallet. In yourutils folder, add a file namedweb3.js:// utils/web3.js import {ethers }from'ethers'; exportconstconnectWallet=async ()=> { try { if (!window.ethereum) { thrownewError("MetaMask is not installed"); } constprovider=newethers.BrowserProvider(window.ethereum); awaitwindow.ethereum.request({method:'eth_requestAccounts' }); constaccounts=awaitprovider.listAccounts(); constsigner=awaitprovider.getSigner(); if (accounts.length===0) { thrownewError("No accounts found. Please connect a wallet."); } return {provider,signer,account:accounts[0] }; }catch (error) { console.error("Error connecting wallet:",error.message); throwerror; } }; exportconstsignMessage=async (signer,message)=> { try { constsignature=awaitsigner.signMessage(message); returnsignature; }catch (error) { console.error("Error signing message:",error.message); throwerror; } };Step 2: Creating a Web3 Context with ZustandTo manage Web3 states like connection status and account information, use Zustand:npm install zustandThen create a context instore/web3Store.js:// store/web3Store.js import {create }from'zustand'; exportconstuseWeb3Store=create((set)=> ({ account:null, setAccount: (account)=>set({account }), }));Step 3: Building the Login ComponentIncomponents/WalletLogin.js, add the following:"use client"; import {connectWallet,signMessage }from"../utils/web3"; import {useWeb3Store }from"../store/web3Store"; import {useState }from"react"; constWalletLogin= ()=> { const [error,setError]=useState(""); const {account,setAccount }=useWeb3Store(); consthandleLogin=async ()=> { try { const {signer,account }=awaitconnectWallet(); constmessage="Authenticate with Web3"; constsignature=awaitsignMessage(signer,message); console.log("Signature:",signature);// For backend validation setAccount(account?.address); }catch (err) { setError(err.message); } }; return ( <div style={{ display:"flex", flexDirection:"column", alignItems:"center", }} > {account ? ( <p>Connected as:{account}</p> ) : ( <button style={{ padding:12, border:"2px solid #d1d5db", }} onClick={handleLogin} > Connect Wallet </button> )} {error &&<pstyle={{color:"red",marginTop:8 }}>{error}</p>} </div> ); }; exportdefaultWalletLogin; Step 4: Adding Authentication to PagesTo use theWalletLogin component, update yourpages/index.js:importWalletLoginfrom"../components/walletLogin"; exportdefaultfunctionHome() { return ( <divstyle={{padding:16 }}> <h1 style={{ fontSize:24, marginBottom:16, textAlign:"center", }} > Web3 Authentication in Next.js </h1> <WalletLogin/> </div> ); }Step 5: Testing the ApplicationRun the app withnpm run dev.Openhttp://localhost:3000 and clickConnect Wallet.After connecting, your Ethereum address should display.Check the console for the signed message. You can use this data to validate the signature on your backend.You may also like | Developing Cross-Platform Crypto Wallet with Web3.js & ReactEnhancementsSecure Messaging: Use a random nonce as the message to prevent replay attacks.Backend Integration: Send the signature and address to a backend API for verification.Styling: Use Tailwind CSS or Chakra UI for a polished UI.ConclusionIntegrating Web3 authentication into a Next.js app provides a modern, secure login experience for users. By leveraging Ethereum wallets like MetaMask, you reduce reliance on traditional passwords, improving both security and user experience. This setup serves as a foundation for building decentralized applications with seamless Web3 authentication.Feel free to enhance this implementation further by adding features like session persistence, multi-wallet support, or custom authentication flows!At Oodles, our team of expert blockchain developers can help you integrate secure Web3 authentication, decentralized finance (DeFi), and other cutting-edge blockchain solutions into your projects. Get in touch with us today to explore how we can help bring your Web3 ideas to life.

Technology: RUST , NO SQL/MONGODB more Category: Blockchain

Devashish Trehan

25 Nov 2024

Create a Cross-Chain Interoperability Protocol Using Cosmos SDK Cross-Chain Interoperability Protocol (CCIP) is a technology that facilitates the seamless exchange of data and assets between different blockchain networks. As blockchain ecosystems have grown, each network has developed its unique protocols and consensus mechanisms, making communication between them challenging. CCIP aims to solve this problem by providing a standardized way for blockchains to interact using blockchain app development, ensuring that information, tokens, and other digital assets can move across chains efficiently and securely.The need for cross-chain interoperability arises from the current fragmentation in the blockchain space. Different networks—such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain, and Polkadot—each operate in isolation, making it difficult for users or developers to transfer assets or data between them without relying on centralized exchanges or third-party services. These intermediaries introduce security risks and inefficiencies, defeating one of the core purposes of blockchain: decentralization. CCIP removes the need for such intermediaries, allowing for more trustless and decentralized interaction between chains.Creating a Cross-Chain Interoperability Protocol using Cosmos SDKPrerequisite TechnologiesBefore proceeding with the implementation, make sure to have the following tools and technologies readyGolang: The development of Cross-Chain Interoperability Protocol (CCIP) with the Cosmos SDK is primarily due to several technical advantages that Go offers, which align well with the needs of blockchain technology and specifically the Cosmos SDK ecosystem.You may also like | Understanding Cosmos IBC for Cross-Chain CommunicationCode Implementation to Create a Cross-Chain Interoperability Protocol Using Cosmos SDKStep 1: Getting Started with the Development EnvironmentInstall Go: The Cosmos SDK is written in Go, so you need to install it if you haven't already.Install Cosmos SDK Copy code git clone https://github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk cd cosmos-sdk make install Copy code curl https://get.starport.network/starport! | bashStep 2: Initialize a New BlockchainTo create your own chain that can interoperate with other chains, you will first create a new Cosmos SDK-based blockchain using Starport.starport scaffold chain github.com/your_username/your_chain cd your_chainStep 3: Implement the IBC ModuleInteroperability in the Cosmos ecosystem is handled through the IBC (Inter-Blockchain Communication) protocol. You need to enable IBC in your chain.Modify Your app.go: In your app.go file, include the IBC modules.Enable the IBC Transfer Module: Cosmos SDK's ibc-transfer module allows transferring tokens between chains that support IBC.Configure Your config.yaml: Make sure the IBC port and other necessary configurations are set in your config.yaml fileAlso, Read | How to Create Your Own Private Blockchain using CosmosStep 4: Set Up Custom Logic for Cross-Chain TransfersYou'll likely want to customize how the tokens are transferred between chains, or you may want to add additional functionality like cross-chain governance, staking, etc.Define New Msgs: Add new Msg types that represent cross-chain operations (e.g., sending data, triggering actions on a different chain) type MsgCrossChainAction struct { FromAddress string ToChain string Action string } Write Handlers: Define the handlers for your new Msg types, which will include logic for how cross-chain actions are processed. func handleMsgCrossChainAction(ctx sdk.Context, msg MsgCrossChainAction) (*sdk.Result, error) { // handle cross-chain action logic here } Step 5: Connect to Other ChainsSet Up Relayers: To connect your chain to another IBC-enabled chain, you will need an IBC relayer. A relayer facilitates communication between blockchains.Install the relayer:git clone https://github.com/cosmos/relayer cd relayer make install Configuration for the chains you want to connect. For example, if you're connecting your chain to the Cosmos Hub, you'll need to specify the connection parameters. rly chains add-dir config/chains Establish the Connection: Use the relayer to establish an IBC connection between your chain and other chains rly tx link [path]Also, Check | Exploring the Emerging Use Cases of Cosmos BlockchainStep 6: Testing and DeploymentLaunch Your Blockchain: Use Starport or manually configure and launch the blockchain.starport serveConclusionThe advent of blockchain technology has introduced a decentralized paradigm, but it has also led to fragmentation across various networks. This fragmentation poses challenges for interoperability, where seamless communication and interaction between different blockchain ecosystems become crucial. The Cosmos SDK emerges as a powerful solution to address these challenges, enabling the creation of custom blockchains that can easily interoperate with one another through a robust cross-chain interoperability protocol.By leveraging the Inter-Blockchain Communication (IBC) protocol, Cosmos SDK facilitates the transfer of assets and data across diverse blockchain networks without relying on centralized intermediaries. This feature not only enhances the scalability of blockchain applications but also fosters innovation by allowing developers to build decentralized applications (dApps) that can utilize the strengths of multiple blockchains.Moreover, the modular architecture of the Cosmos SDK empowers developers to tailor their blockchains according to specific needs, ensuring that they can optimize performance and functionality. With the ability to interconnect various blockchains, Cosmos SDK promotes a collaborative ecosystem where developers can share resources, leverage existing infrastructures, and innovate collectively. This cooperative environment can lead to improved user experiences, reduced transaction costs, and enhanced security.In summary, the Cosmos SDK plays a pivotal role in the evolution of blockchain technology by enabling cross-chain interoperability. Its approach to connecting disparate networks fosters a more integrated and efficient blockchain ecosystem, paving the way for a future where decentralized applications can operate across various platforms seamlessly. As the demand for interoperability continues to grow, the Cosmos SDK will likely remain at the forefront, driving the next wave of innovation in the blockchain space. If you are looking to leverage Cosmos blockchain to develop your project and need assistance, connect with our skilled blockchain developers to get started.

Technology: ReactJS , Golang more Category: Blockchain

Shubham Dubey

30 Oct 2024

Liquid Democracy | Transforming Governance with Blockchain By 2025, blockchain technology is projected to secure $176 billion in business value, with estimates soaring to$3.1 trillion by 2030 (Gartner). Meanwhile, traditional voting systems often need help with low voter turnout, with the 2020 U.S. election seeingonly 43.1% of votes cast by mail (USA Facts). Imagine a democratic system where your voice is always heard, whether casting your vote directly or entrusting your vote to a representative of your choice. This is the promise of liquid democracy, a transformative model that blends the best of direct and representative democracy. When combined withblockchain solutions, liquid democracy becomes even more powerful, offering unprecedented levels of transparency, security, and efficiency.Read Also |Creating an Ethereum Wallet Using Spring BootWhat is Liquid Democracy?Liquid democracy is a hybrid governance model that combines elements of direct and representative democracy. It allows voters to either vote directly on issues or delegate their voting power to trusted representatives, with the flexibility to change delegates at any time. This dynamic approach ensures that votes align with participants' evolving views, making decision-making more participatory and responsive.In blockchain governance, liquid democracy is particularly effective. Experts can vote on complex issues directly, while others can delegate their votes to knowledgeable leaders. This ensures informed decision-making without excluding those who prefer not to vote on every issue.In 2023, DAOs using liquid democracy reported a 20% increase in voter participation compared to traditional models, highlighting its ability to engage communities actively. Blockchain's transparency ensures that all votes and delegates remain verifiable, building trust among crypto investors and businesses. This adaptability makes liquid democracy a powerful tool for modern, decentralized governance.Suggested Read |How Blockchain is Enhancing CybersecurityHow Liquid Democracy Works in BlockchainDirect VotingParticipants vote directly on proposals, ensuring their voices resonate on important issues. This approach encourages active engagement from those who want to participate directly.DelegationVoters delegate their voting power to trusted representatives, making it ideal for those without the time or expertise to vote on every issue. Delegates act as intermediaries, casting votes on behalf of others.Liquid DelegationDelegators change or revoke their delegation at any time, allowing the system to adapt quickly to new information and shifts in sentiment. This ensures that votes always align with participants' current views.Decentralization and TransparencyBlockchain records all votes and delegations on an immutable ledger, preventing tampering and ensuring transparency.Smart ContractsSmart contracts automate the voting process, executing decisions automatically when conditions are met. This reduces the need for intermediaries and ensures fairness.Real-Time UpdatesBlockchain enables dynamic delegation, allowing voters to update their delegated votes instantly and record these changes in real-time.Privacy ProtectionCryptographic techniques safeguard voter privacy, ensuring anonymity while maintaining the integrity of the voting process.You may also like |Understanding the Impact of AI Crypto Trading BotsReal-World Examples of Liquid Democracy in BlockchainSeveral blockchain projects are already harnessing the power of liquid democracy to create more equitable governance systems. Here are a few notable examples:CardanoCardano's governance model is a prominent example of liquid democracy in action. It allows stakeholders to vote on proposals for network upgrades and protocol changes, either directly or through delegation. Cardano's approach has made it a leader in the space, offering investors a platform that emphasizes long-term sustainability and community involvement.For businesses and investors, Cardano's liquid democracy model provides a way to engage with the project's future while leveraging the expertise of elected representatives. This balance of participation and efficiency makes Cardano an attractive option for those looking to invest in a blockchain with a robust governance structure.DecentralandAs a virtual world governed by a Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO), Decentraland uses liquid democracy to empower its community to shape the platform's development. Users can vote on proposals concerning virtual land use, feature additions, and governance rules, directly or through delegation.Decentraland's use of liquid democracy demonstrates how this governance model can be applied beyond financial decisions, impacting the development of digital ecosystems and virtual economies. For businesses interested in investing in the metaverse and virtual worlds, Decentraland's governance model offers a glimpse into how community-driven decision-making can shape the future of digital interactions.Explore |Can Blockchain Solve Creators' Copyright Challenges?Why Liquid Democracy is the Future of Decentralized GovernanceLiquid democracy represents a shift towards more adaptive, transparent, and inclusive governance models. It bridges the gap between individual participation and expert-led decision-making, making it particularly well-suited for the complexities of blockchain projects. For crypto investors and businesses, adopting liquid democracy means investing in a governance system that is not only democratic but also capable of evolving with the needs of its community.As the blockchain space continues to grow, projects that prioritize effective governance will stand out in an increasingly competitive landscape. By integrating liquid democracy, these projects can foster stronger community engagement, ensure accountability, and adapt quickly to the ever-changing environment of the crypto world. For investors, this is not just about voting—it's about shaping the future of the technologies they believe in.ConclusionLiquid democracy offers a powerful way to rethink how blockchain projects govern themselves. It empowers individuals while enabling efficient decision-making, making it a perfect fit for decentralized ecosystems. For businesses, crypto investors, andblockchain developers, understanding and supporting projects that use liquid democracy can be a strategic move—one that aligns with the principles of decentralization and community empowerment.As you look to the future of blockchain, consider how liquid democracy can transform not only the projects you invest in but the very nature of governance itself.Oodles Blockchain, a blockchain development company, specializes in building robust and innovative solutions for decentralized platforms. Whether you're interested in exploring how specific blockchain projects implement liquid democracy or diving deeper into its impact on investment strategies, we are here to help. Reach out, and let's continue the conversation about the future of governance in blockchain.

Technology: SMART CONTRACT , ETHERJS more Category: Blockchain

Saumya Srivastava

22 Oct 2024

Addressing the Quantum Threat : A Guide to Crypto Protection Quantum computing is advancing quickly and can potentially revolutionize technology as we know it. But while the possibilities are exciting, they also pose some serious risks, especially forblockchain development services and crypto exchange development. The cryptographic methods that keep your digital currencies secure might not hold up against future quantum attacks. Imagine a world where the encryption protecting your crypto wallet can be cracked in seconds. Sounds scary, right? Well, that future could be closer than we think.In this blog guide, we show how quantum computing threatens blockchain security. For this, we also provided actionable strategies to safeguard your cryptocurrency investments from this looming threat.Read Also |A Complete Guide to Ethereum Name Service (Exploring ENS Domains)The Impact of Quantum Computing on Blockchain TechnologyBlockchain technology, renowned for its decentralized and secure nature, heavily relies on cryptography to protect transactions and validate network participants. However, quantum computers could drastically alter this dynamic. These powerful machines can solve complex mathematical problems exponentially faster than classical computers, threatening the very cryptographic systems that secure blockchain networks today.Common Threats Posed by Quantum Computing to BlockchainBreak Public Key Encryption and Breaking Cryptographic AlgorithmsPublic key encryption, a cornerstone of blockchain security, would be highly susceptible to quantum attacks, putting digital wallets and private keys at risk. Quantum computers could easily break the cryptographic algorithms securing blockchain transactions, enabling attackers to steal funds and compromise digital wallets.Disrupt Consensus AlgorithmsThe computational power of quantum machines could manipulate consensus algorithms like Proof of Work (PoW) or Proof of Stake (PoS), compromising the integrity of blockchain systems. It could thus allow attackers to control blockchain networks or alter transaction histories, thereby undermining the trust that blockchains are built upon.Decrypt Stored DataEven without direct attacks on active blockchains, quantum computers could retroactively decrypt data stored on blockchains, revealing sensitive information from past transactions. Quantum decryption could expose previously encrypted transaction data, leading to the retroactive loss of privacy and security for blockchain users.Cryptographic ThreatsQuantum computers can use algorithms like Shor's algorithm to break cryptographic hashing and digital signatures, which are critical components of blockchain technology.Explore |Develop Smart Contract based on Quantum ComputingHow to Protect Your Crypto from Quantum ThreatsWhile quantum computing poses significant threats, several quantum-resistant strategies can mitigate these risks. Proactive measures can be taken to secure blockchain systems against potential quantum attacks.Cryptographic ApproachesPost-Quantum Cryptography (PQC)This new type of cryptography is specifically designed to withstand quantum attacks. PQC uses mathematical problems that remain challenging for quantum computers to solve. Blockchain developers should begin integrating these quantum-resistant methods to future-proof blockchain security.Hybrid CryptographyBy combining quantum-resistant algorithms with traditional cryptographic methods, hybrid cryptography ensures multiple layers of protection. Even if one method is compromised, the others can still provide a safeguard.Quantum Key Distribution (QKD)QKD leverages quantum mechanics to securely distribute encryption keys. Any interception attempt is instantly detectable, ensuring the integrity of blockchain communications.Blockchain ModificationsEnhancing Consensus AlgorithmsProof of Work (PoW) and Proof of Stake (PoS) mechanisms need to be upgraded to make them quantum-resistant. Strengthening these consensus protocols will ensure that quantum computers cannot easily manipulate blockchain networks.ShardingSharding divides a blockchain into smaller sections or "shards" that process transactions independently. Not only does this improve network efficiency, but it also makes it more challenging for quantum computers to attack the entire blockchain.Hardware and SecurityQuantum-Resistant HardwareQuantum attacks will require a new generation of hardware designed to be resistant to such threats. Developing specialized devices and chips will protect sensitive cryptographic keys from quantum decryption.Hardware Security Modules (HSMs)HSMs are secure devices used for storing and managing encryption keys. Incorporating quantum-resistant technology into HSMs will ensure the safety of keys, even in the face of quantum computing advancements.Proactive Monitoring and ResponseContinuous monitoring systems that detect quantum-related threats early are essential. Such systems will help blockchain networks quickly address any quantum-based attacks before they cause significant harm.Collaborative EffortsIndustry PartnershipsThe quantum threat is too large for any single entity to handle alone. Collaboration among companies, research institutions, and industry experts is vital in developing strong defenses against quantum attacks on blockchain technology.International CooperationAs quantum computing is a global issue, countries and organizations worldwide must cooperate to share research and establish universal standards to secure blockchain systems against future quantum threats.Check Out | Build Private Blockchain Following George Glider's GuideAdditional Strategies To Combat Quantum Computing Threats in the Crypto SpaceTransition to Quantum-Resistant CryptocurrenciesQuantum-resistant cryptocurrencies designed to be quantum-resistant are emerging. Early adoption of these currencies can help secure investments against future quantum threats.Multi-signature WalletsA multi-signature wallet, which requires multiple keys for transaction approval, adds another layer of security. Even if a quantum computer compromises one key, the transaction will still need approval from the remaining keys.Cold StorageStoring cryptocurrencies offline in cold storage provides additional protection from online quantum attacks. Without an internet connection, assets are harder to target.Regular UpdatesBlockchain systems and wallets should regularly receive security updates to ensure they are protected against new vulnerabilities, including those introduced by quantum advancements.Quantum-Resistant WalletsAs quantum technology advances, wallets specifically designed with quantum-resistant features will become increasingly important in securing digital assets.You may also like |Amazon Quantum Ledger will Intensify Blockchain-Based App DevelopmentThe Race to Develop Quantum-Resistant BlockchainsResearchers and developers are working tirelessly to create blockchain systems capable of withstanding quantum threats. While we don't know exactly when quantum computers will pose a real-world threat, estimates suggest that their mainstream availability could range from 2030 to 2050. This gives the crypto industry a crucial window of time to adapt and reinforce security measures. Developingquantum-resistant blockchainsand cryptocurrencies is no longer just a theoretical exercise but an essential evolution in digital finance.ConclusionQuantum computing represents a serious threat to blockchain technology, but there are ways to protect against it. Although quantum computing is still in development, with estimates of its mainstream availabilityranging from 2030 to 2050, this window of time provides the crypto industry with the opportunity to adapt and reinforce its security. By adopting post-quantum cryptography, enhancing consensus algorithms, developing quantum-resistant hardware, and fostering international cooperation, the blockchain industry can safeguard its future.As quantum technologies continue to evolve, so must blockchain security measures. Preparing for the quantum era now will ensure that your digital assets remain safe in a quantum-powered world, even if that future feels distant today.Therefore, protect your cryptocurrency investments with advanced quantum-resistant technologies. Connect with ourblockchain developerstoday to explore quantum-resistant solutions that will keep your assets secure in the years ahead.

Technology: Blockchain Category: Blockchain

Saumya Srivastava

15 Oct 2024

How to Write and Deploy Modular Smart Contracts Modular contracts enable highly configurable and upgradeable smart contract development, combining ease of use with security. They consist of two main components:Core Contracts: These form the foundation of the modular system, managing key functions, data storage, and logic. Core contracts include access control mechanisms and define interfaces for module interactions.Module Contracts: These add or remove functionalities to/from core contracts dynamically, allowing for flexibility. Modules can be reused across multiple core contracts, enabling upgrades without redeploying the core contract.How They Work: Modules provide additional functionality via callback and fallback functions that interact with core contracts. Fallback functions operate independently, while callback functions augment core contract logic, enhancing dApp functionality.You may also like | How to Create Play-to-Earn Gaming Smart ContractsSetup | Writing and Deploying Modular Smart ContractsInstall Forge from Foundry and add the modular contract framework:forge init forge install https://github.com/thirdweb-dev/modular-contracts.git forge remappings > remappings.txt ContractThe ERC20Core contract is a type of ERC20 token that combines features from both the ModularCore and the standard ERC20 contract. It names the token "Test Token" and uses "TEST" as its symbol, with the deployer being the owner of the contract. A significant feature is the required beforeMint callback, which allows certain actions to be taken before new tokens are created. The mint function lets users create tokens while ensuring the callback is executed first. The BeforeMintCallback interface makes it easier to add custom logic from other contracts. Overall, ERC20Core offers a flexible way to develop custom tokens while maintaining essential ERC20 functions.// SPDX-License-Identifier: UNLICENSED pragma solidity ^0.8.13; import {ModularCore} from "lib/modular-contracts/src/ModularCore.sol"; import {ERC20} from "lib/solady/src/tokens/ERC20.sol"; contract ERC20Core is ModularCore, ERC20 { constructor() { _setOwner(msg.sender); } function name() public view override returns (string memory) { return "Test Token"; } function symbol() public view override returns (string memory) { return "TEST"; } function getSupportedCallbackFunctions() public pure virtual override returns (SupportedCallbackFunction[] memory supportedCallbacks) { supportedCallbacks = new SupportedCallbackFunction[](1); supportedCallbacks[0] = SupportedCallbackFunction(BeforeMintCallback.beforeMint.selector, CallbackMode.REQUIRED); } function mint(address to, uint256 amount) external payable { _executeCallbackFunction( BeforeMintCallback.beforeMint.selector, abi.encodeCall(BeforeMintCallback.beforeMint, (to, amount)) ); _mint(to, amount); } } interface BeforeMintCallback { function beforeMint(address to, uint256 amount) external payable; } Also, Read | ERC 4337 : Account Abstraction for Ethereum Smart Contract WalletsThe PricedMint contract is a modular extension designed for token minting, leveraging Ownable for ownership management and ModularExtension for added functionality. It uses the PricedMintStorage module to maintain a structured storage system for the token price. The owner can set the minting price through the setPricePerUnit method. Before minting, the beforeMint function verifies that the provided ether matches the expected price based on the token quantity. If correct, the ether is transferred to the contract owner. The getExtensionConfig function defines the contract's callback and fallback functions, facilitating integration with other modular components.// SPDX-License-Identifier: UNLICENSED pragma solidity ^0.8.13; import {ModularExtension} from "lib/modular-contracts/src/ModularExtension.sol"; import {Ownable} from "lib/solady/src/auth/Ownable.sol"; library PricedMintStorage { bytes32 public constant PRICED_MINT_STORAGE_POSITION = keccak256(abi.encode(uint256(keccak256("priced.mint")) - 1)) & ~bytes32(uint256(0xff)); struct Data { uint256 pricePerUnit; } function data() internal pure returns (Data storage data_) { bytes32 position = PRICED_MINT_STORAGE_POSITION; assembly { data_.slot := position } } } contract PricedMint is Ownable, ModularExtension { function setPricePerUnit(uint256 price) external onlyOwner { PricedMintStorage.data().pricePerUnit = price; } function beforeMint(address to, uint256 amount) external payable { uint256 pricePerUnit = PricedMintStorage.data().pricePerUnit; uint256 expectedPrice = (amount * pricePerUnit) / 1e18; require(msg.value == expectedPrice, "PricedMint: invalid price sent"); (bool success,) = owner().call{value: msg.value}(""); require(success, "ERC20Core: failed to send value"); } function getExtensionConfig() external pure virtual override returns (ExtensionConfig memory config) { config.callbackFunctions = new CallbackFunction ; config.callbackFunctions[0] = CallbackFunction(this.beforeMint.selector); config.fallbackFunctions = new FallbackFunction ; config.fallbackFunctions[0] = FallbackFunction(this.setPricePerUnit.selector, 0); } } DeployTo deploy the Modular Contract, first get your API Key from the Thirdweb Dashboard. Then run npx thirdweb publish -k "THIRDWEB_API_KEY", replacing "THIRDWEB_API_KEY" with your key. Select "CounterModule," scroll down, click "Next," choose the "Sepolia" network, and click "Publish Contract."For the Core Contract, run npx thirdweb deploy -k "THIRDWEB_API_KEY" in your terminal, replacing "THIRDWEB_API_KEY" with your key. Select "CounterCore," enter the contract owner's address, and click "Deploy Now." Choose the "Sepolia" chain and click "Deploy Now" again to start the deployment.Also, Explore | How to Create a Smart Contract for Lottery SystemConclusionModular contracts represent a design approach in smart contract development that prioritizes flexibility, reusability, and separation of concerns. By breaking down complex functionalities into smaller, interchangeable modules, developers can create more maintainable code and implement updates more easily without losing existing state. Commonly utilized in token standards and decentralized finance (DeFi), modular contracts enhance the creation of decentralized applications (dApps) and promote interoperability, thereby fostering innovation within the blockchain ecosystem. If you are looking for enterprise-grade smart contract development services, connect with our skilled Solidity developers to get started.

Technology: MEAN , PYTHON more Category: Blockchain

Mudit Singh

03 Oct 2024

Understanding Decentralized Oracle Network Development with Chainlink Blockchains, while secure, cannot access real-world data on their own. This limitation creates challenges for blockchain development (dApps) that require external information, like price feeds or weather data. Chainlink, a leading decentralized oracle network (DON), solves this problem by securely connecting smart contracts to off-chain data sources.You may also like | Oracle Development Using Ethereum Smart ContractsHow Chainlink WorksChainlink uses a decentralized network of independent nodes, known as oracles, to fetch, verify, and deliver external data to smart contracts. These oracles bridge the gap between blockchain and real-world information, ensuring data accuracy and preventing tampering. Chainlink's decentralized structure avoids single points of failure, making the system more reliable.Also, check | Blockchain Oracles | Making Smart Contracts Talk to the WorldArchitecture of Chainlink's Decentralized Oracle Network +-----------------------------+ | Decentralized Oracle | | Network (DON) | +-----------------------------+ | +-------------+-------------+ +------------v----------+ +------------v----------+ | Oracle Node 1 | | Oracle Node 2 | | - Fetches data | | - Fetches data | +------------------------+ +------------------------+ | | +------------+----------+ +------------+----------+ | Aggregation Contract | | Aggregation Contract | +------------------------+ +------------------------+ | | +----------v---------+ +------------v--------+ | Smart Contract | | Smart Contract | +---------------------+ +---------------------+ Steps to Build with ChainlinkSmart Contract Development: Create a smart contract specifying the conditions for data requests. Chainlink libraries enable smart contracts to communicate with external oracles.Chainlink Node Setup: Set up oracles to retrieve data from trusted sources like APIs. Multiple nodes ensure decentralization and data accuracy.Requesting Data: Smart contracts send data requests, which Chainlink nodes process by retrieving the required information from external sources.Data Aggregation: The aggregation contract collects and verifies data from different nodes, ensuring accuracy before delivering it to the smart contract.Also, Read | A Comprehensive Guide to Blockchain OracleConclusionChainlink empowers blockchain developers to securely integrate off-chain data into their dApps. Its decentralized oracle network is crucial for industries like DeFi, insurance, and gaming, making Chainlink a vital component for creating trust-minimized, real-world applications. If you are looking to build a decentralized Oracle network with Chainlink to empower your project, connect with our skilled smart contract developers to get started.

Technology: MEAN , PYTHON more Category: Blockchain

Jagveer Singh

02 Oct 2024

Integrate Raydium Swap Functionality on a Solana Program Solana is recognized as a top platform for blockchain app development due to its low transaction fees and excellent throughput. With its smooth token swaps, yield farming, and liquidity pools, Raydium is a well-known automated market maker (AMM) and liquidity provider among the many protocols that flourish on Solana. Developers wishing to expand on this dynamic environment have many options when integrating Raydium's switch feature into custom Solana software.Also, Explore | How to Develop a Crypto Swap Aggregator PlatformThis blog will guide you through the process of using the Raydium SDK and the Solana Web3.js framework to integrate the swap functionality of Raydium into your Solana program.You may also like | How to Build a Solana Sniper BotUsing Raydium SDK and Solana Web.js to Integrate Swap Functionality on a Solana ProrgramPrerequisites:Node.js is installed on your machine.Solana CLI installed and configured.Basic knowledge of TypeScript and Solana development.A basic understanding of how Raydium works.Setting Up the Environment:npm init -ynpm install @solana/web3.js @solana/spl-token @raydium-io/raydium-sdk decimal.js fs@solana/web3.js: The official Solana JavaScript SDK.@solana/spl-token: A library for interacting with the Solana Program Library (SPL) tokens.@raydium-io/raydium-sdk: The Raydium SDK interacts with the protocol's AMM and liquidity pools.decimal.js: A library for handling arbitrary-precision decimal arithmetic.Also, Explore | SPL-404 Token Standard | Enhancing Utility in the Solana EcosystemConnect with Solana Clusterimport { Connection, clusterApiUrl, Keypair, PublicKey, Transaction } from '@solana/web3.js'; const connection = new Connection(clusterApiUrl('devnet'), 'confirmed'); console.log("Connected to Solana Devnet");Payer's Keypair Loading:import * as fs from 'fs'; const data = fs.readFileSync('./secret.json', 'utf8'); const secretKey = Uint8Array.from(JSON.parse(data)); const payer = Keypair.fromSecretKey(secretKey); console.log("Payer's public key:", payer.publicKey.toBase58());Creating and Minting SPL Tokensimport { createMint, getMint, mintTo, getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount } from '@solana/spl-token'; const token1 = await createMint(connection, payer, payer.publicKey, null, 9); const token2 = await createMint(connection, payer, payer.publicKey, null, 9); const token1Account = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(connection, payer, token1, payer.publicKey); const token2Account = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(connection, payer, token2, payer.publicKey); await mintTo(connection, payer, token1, token1Account.address, payer.publicKey, 1000000000); // 1000 tokens await mintTo(connection, payer, token2, token2Account.address, payer.publicKey, 1000000000); console.log("Minted tokens and created associated token accounts.");Creating a Liquidity Pool on Raydium:import { Liquidity, DEVNET_PROGRAM_ID, TxVersion, BN } from '@raydium-io/raydium-sdk'; const targetMarketId = Keypair.generate().publicKey; const startTime = Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000) + 60 * 60 * 24 * 7; const walletAccount = await getWalletTokenAccount(connection, payer.publicKey); const createPoolTx = await Liquidity.makeCreatePoolV4InstructionV2Simple({ connection, programId: DEVNET_PROGRAM_ID.AmmV4, marketInfo: { marketId: targetMarketId, programId: DEVNET_PROGRAM_ID.OPENBOOK_MARKET, }, baseMintInfo: { mint: token1, decimals: 9 }, quoteMintInfo: { mint: new PublicKey('So11111111111111111111111111111111111111112'), decimals: 9 }, baseAmount: new BN(10000), quoteAmount: new BN(10000), startTime: new BN(Math.floor(startTime)), ownerInfo: { feePayer: payer.publicKey, wallet: payer.publicKey, tokenAccounts: walletAccount, useSOLBalance: true, }, associatedOnly: false, checkCreateATAOwner: true, makeTxVersion: TxVersion.V0, }); console.log("Liquidity pool created on Raydium.");Add Liquidity:const addLiquidityTx = await Liquidity.makeAddLiquidityInstructionSimple({ connection, poolKeys, userKeys: { owner: payer.publicKey, payer: payer.publicKey, tokenAccounts: walletAccount, }, amountInA: new TokenAmount(new Token(TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID, token1, 9, 'Token1', 'Token1'), 100), amountInB: maxAnotherAmount, fixedSide: 'a', makeTxVersion, }); console.log("Liquidity added to the pool.");Perform a Swap: const swapInstruction = await Liquidity.makeSwapInstruction({ poolKeys, userKeys: { owner: payer.publicKey, tokenAccountIn: fromTokenAccount, tokenAccountOut: toTokenAccount, }, amountIn, amountOut: minimumAmountOut, fixedSide: "in", }); // Correcting the transaction creation by accessing the correct innerTransaction const transaction = new Transaction().add(...swapInstruction.innerTransaction.instructions); const transactionSignature = await connection.sendTransaction( transaction, [payer], { skipPreflight: false, preflightCommitment: "confirmed" } ); console.log("Swap transaction signature:", transactionSignature);Also, Explore | How to Get the Transaction Logs on SolanaConclusionYou have successfully included Raydium's swap feature into your Solana program by following the instructions provided in this Blog. In the DeFi space, Raydium offers strong tools for swapping and liquidity. If you want to leverage the potential of Solana and Raydium Swap Functionality for your project, connect with our skilled Solana developers to get started.

Technology: SMART CONTRACT , POSTGRESQL more Category: Blockchain

Rahul Maurya

02 Oct 2024

How to Build a Multi-Chain Account Abstraction Wallet Understanding Account AbstractionAfter Vitalik presented the idea of account abstraction in 2015, it gained attention. The word "account abstraction" is wide, but to put it briefly, it refers to the abstraction of the inflexibility and inherent structure of user accounts in a blockchain. This allows for network interaction while also increasing their flexibility and adaptability. Instead of relying on the pre-built standard Blockchain rules, suppliers of crypto wallet solutions develop user-friendly accounts with unique logic that allows them to apply their own asset storage and transaction conditions.This lets the wallet control user actions without requiring users to sign transactions or physically hold private keys. Wallet development teams create smart contracts that function as user accounts in these kinds of applications. These contracts have the ability to communicate across programs, work with several accounts, and apply unique logic.Multi-Chain Support: Bridging or cross-chain communication protocols can be used as a way to communicate with several blockchains.Smart Contract Architecture: A primary contract and perhaps a factory for generating wallet instances will make up the wallet.Also, Read | ERC 4337 : Account Abstraction for Ethereum Smart Contract WalletsHow to Build a Multi-Chain Account Abstraction WalletStep1: Recognise the Complexities of Account AbstractionUnderstanding the ins and outs of account abstraction is crucial before starting the Account Abstraction wallet process. This is the process of providing user-friendly designs while severing the connection between user accounts and Blockchain accounts.Step:2 Choose an Appropriate Blockchain PlatformChoose a blockchain platform that either supports it natively or can be improved to do so. As an alternative, you may think about Ethereum, which comes with a tonne of Ethereum Improvement Proposals, including ERC-4337, a common AA idea.Step:3 Establish a Development EnvironmentInstall the necessary development tools, such as Hardhat, Truffle, and Node.js, to create smart contracts. Additionally, the establishment of a blockchain node can be done with Ganache or by connecting it to a testnet, like Rinkeby or Ropsten.Step:4 Make the contracts for smart contractsMake a smart contract that shows which user account is in charge of managing transaction volume and user authentication. It is also advisable to have a central point contract that facilitates communication with account contracts. Utilise proxy patterns to incorporate security measures for contract upgrades.Step:5 DesignAim for straightforward, user-friendly designs while considering the diverse user bases. Success results from keeping people interested in the wallet. The design is shared for approval when it has been created.Step:6 Security Audits and TestingThe smart contracts will undergo extensive testing following the development of the solution. Testing is done in various settings to check for mistakes and defects. For smart contract assessments, vulnerability detection, and remediation, third-party auditors are hired.Step:7 Install on the MainnetThe system is ready for post-launch post-testing and Mainnet security assessments. This stage involves configuring the server environment and deploying the code into the production environment.Step:8 Upkeep and ModificationsExamine the systems for problems, and where necessary, apply upgrades. Assist users who may have queries or encounter problems when using the wallet. As a result, the solution will become reliable and capable over time.Step:9 Marketing & Getting User FeedbackTo attract consumers' attention, the solution is advertised through various means. This covers joint ventures and collaborations, recommendations, social media marketing, and YouTube advertising. The solution is improved by the collection of user input.Also, Check | How to Build a Cryptocurrency Wallet App Like ExodusBuilding a Multi-Chain Account Abstraction WalletExample: - Set Up Hardhat:-If you haven't set up a Hardhat project yet, you can do so with the following commands:mkdir MultiChainWallet cd MultiChainWallet npm init -y npm install --save-dev hardhat npx hardhatAdd the ContractCreate a file named MultiChainWallet.sol in the contracts directory and paste the contract code:// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT pragma solidity ^0.8.0; interface IERC20 { function transfer(address recipient, uint256 amount) external returns (bool); function transferFrom(address sender, address recipient, uint256 amount) external returns (bool); function balanceOf(address account) external view returns (uint256); } contract MultiChainWallet { mapping(address => mapping(address => uint256)) private balances; mapping(address => bool) private wallets; event WalletCreated(address indexed owner); event Deposit(address indexed user, address indexed token, uint256 amount); event Withdraw(address indexed user, address indexed token, uint256 amount); modifier onlyWallet() { require(wallets[msg.sender], "Wallet does not exist"); _; } function createWallet() external { require(!wallets[msg.sender], "Wallet already exists"); wallets[msg.sender] = true; emit WalletCreated(msg.sender); } function deposit(address token, uint256 amount) external onlyWallet { require(amount > 0, "Invalid amount"); IERC20(token).transferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), amount); balances[msg.sender][token] += amount; emit Deposit(msg.sender, token, amount); } function withdraw(address token, uint256 amount) external onlyWallet { require(balances[msg.sender][token] >= amount, "Insufficient balance"); balances[msg.sender][token] -= amount; IERC20(token).transfer(msg.sender, amount); emit Withdraw(msg.sender, token, amount); } function getBalance(address token) external view onlyWallet returns (uint256) { return balances[msg.sender][token]; } } contract MockERC20 is IERC20 { string public name; string public symbol; uint8 public decimals = 18; mapping(address => uint256) private _balances; mapping(address => mapping(address => uint256)) private _allowances; constructor(string memory _name, string memory _symbol, address initialAccount, uint256 initialBalance) { name = _name; symbol = _symbol; _balances[initialAccount] = initialBalance; } function transfer(address recipient, uint256 amount) external override returns (bool) { _transfer(msg.sender, recipient, amount); return true; } function transferFrom(address sender, address recipient, uint256 amount) external override returns (bool) { require(amount <= _allowances[sender][msg.sender], "Allowance exceeded"); _approve(sender, msg.sender, _allowances[sender][msg.sender] - amount); _transfer(sender, recipient, amount); return true; } function balanceOf(address account) external view override returns (uint256) { return _balances[account]; } function approve(address spender, uint256 amount) external returns (bool) { _approve(msg.sender, spender, amount); return true; } function allowance(address owner, address spender) external view returns (uint256) { return _allowances[owner][spender]; } function _transfer(address sender, address recipient, uint256 amount) internal { require(sender != address(0), "Transfer from the zero address"); require(recipient != address(0), "Transfer to the zero address"); require(_balances[sender] >= amount, "Insufficient balance"); _balances[sender] -= amount; _balances[recipient] += amount; } function _approve(address owner, address spender, uint256 amount) internal { require(owner != address(0), "Approve from the zero address"); require(spender != address(0), "Approve to the zero address"); _allowances[owner][spender] = amount; } } You may also like | What is the Cost of Creating a Crypto Wallet App in 2024Create the Deployment Script:Create a new file named deploy.js in the scripts directory and add the following code:// scripts/deploy.jsasync function main() { const MockERC20 = await ethers.getContractFactory("MockERC20"); const mockToken = await MockERC20.deploy("Mock Token", "MTK", "0xYourAddressHere", ethers.utils.parseEther("1000")); await mockToken.deployed(); console.log("MockERC20 deployed to:", mockToken.address); } // Execute the script main() .then(() => process.exit(0)) .catch((error) => { console.error(error); process.exit(1); }); Configure Hardhat NetworkEdit the hardhat.config.js file to configure the network you want to deploy to (for example, the Rinkeby testnet or the local Hardhat network):require('@nomiclabs/hardhat-waffle'); module.exports = { solidity: "0.8.0", networks: { rinkeby: { url: 'https://rinkeby.infura.io/v3/YOUR_INFURA_PROJECT_ID', accounts: [`0x${YOUR_PRIVATE_KEY}`] } } }; Create the Test File Create a new file named MultiChainWallet.test.js in the test directory and add the following test cases:// test/MultiChainWallet.test.js// test/MockERC20.test.jsconst { expect } = require("chai"); const { ethers } = require("hardhat"); describe("MockERC20", function () { let mockToken; let owner; let addr1; let addr2; beforeEach(async function () { const MockERC20 = await ethers.getContractFactory("MockERC20"); [owner, addr1, addr2] = await ethers.getSigners(); mockToken = await MockERC20.deploy("Mock Token", "MTK", owner.address, ethers.utils.parseEther("1000")); await mockToken.deployed(); }); describe("Deployment", function () { it("Should set the correct name and symbol", async function () { expect(await mockToken.name()).to.equal("Mock Token"); expect(await mockToken.symbol()).to.equal("MTK"); }); it("Should assign the initial balance", async function () { const balance = await mockToken.balanceOf(owner.address); expect(balance).to.equal(ethers.utils.parseEther("1000")); }); }); describe("Transactions", function () { it("Should transfer tokens between accounts", async function () { await mockToken.transfer(addr1.address, ethers.utils.parseEther("100")); const addr1Balance = await mockToken.balanceOf(addr1.address); expect(addr1Balance).to.equal(ethers.utils.parseEther("100")); }); it("Should approve tokens for spending", async function () { await mockToken.approve(addr1.address, ethers.utils.parseEther("50")); const allowance = await mockToken.allowance(owner.address, addr1.address); expect(allowance).to.equal(ethers.utils.parseEther("50")); }); it("Should transfer tokens from one account to another", async function () { await mockToken.approve(addr1.address, ethers.utils.parseEther("50")); await mockToken.connect(addr1).transferFrom(owner.address, addr2.address, ethers.utils.parseEther("50")); const addr2Balance = await mockToken.balanceOf(addr2.address); expect(addr2Balance).to.equal(ethers.utils.parseEther("50")); }); }); });Also, Read | How to Build a Real-Time Wallet TrackerDeploy the ContractTo deploy the contract, run the following command in your terminal:npx hardhat run scripts/deploy.js --network <network_name>Verify the Deployment:-Once deployed, you should see the contract address in the terminal output. You can verify the deployment on Etherscan (for public networks) or through your local Hardhat node.Overview of the Above Contract:-Deposit Function: The wallet allows users to deposit Ether, with the balance being linked to a particular chain ID.Withdraw Function: Users are able to take their remaining Ether balance for a certain chain out. Execute Function: Using a signature-based verification system, this function enables the owner to carry out transactions on other contracts.Events: For tracking purposes, send out events for deposits, withdrawals, and completed transactions.Explanation of the TestsDeposit Tests: Tests that users can deposit Ether and that their balance is updated accordingly. Checks that the Deposited event is emitted.Withdraw Tests: Ensures that users can withdraw their Ether. Validates that trying to withdraw more than the balance reverts the transaction. Checks that the Withdrawn event is emitted.Execute Tests: Validates that the owner can successfully execute a transaction. Tests that an invalid signature reverts the transaction.Interactions Across Chains: Cross-chain interactions are not specifically handled by this contract. You could utilise bridging mechanisms like Wormhole or LayerZero, oracles, to establish communication between various chains in order to do this.Security: Whenever you work with different chains, make sure to audit your contracts and take into account possible attack routes.Gas Efficiency: When building your functions, especially for cross-chain calls, keep gas expenses in mind.Also, Check | Create an Externally Owned Wallet using Web3J and Spring BootTesting and Deployment:-You can utilise test networks for the individual chains you wish to support together with frameworks like Hardhat or Truffle to deploy and test this contract.Boost Functionality: Include extra features such as role-based access control, support for ERC20 tokens, and recovery methods.Cross-Chain Communication: To move assets between chains, investigate and put into practice cross-chain protocols.User Interface: Using Web3.js or Ethers.js frameworks, create a front-end interface for interacting with the wallet. This ought to provide you with a basic idea of how to construct a Solidity wallet that abstracts multiple chains of accounts. Be sure to modify and enlarge the code in accordance with the specifications of your project!Monetary Benefits of Investing in Account Abstraction Wallet:-Cost is a significant component of Account Abstraction wallet development. It is impacted by numerous factors that bring these apps to life. Let us spotlight these factors in detail:Development Team SizeThe expertise and experience of the development team affect the wallet cost. Hire a skilled team with Blockchain background and consider the cost of developers, designers, blockchain experts and security professionals.Features and ComplexityThe features integrated within the application have a direct influence on the cost. The charges of basic wallets are less, while the advanced ones escalate the cost.Security MeasuresThe significance of powerful security mechanisms can't be understated. The higher the security, the higher the development charges. Make sure that the advanced security mechanisms are integrated, which is a significant investment but gives you peace of mind.Legal and Compliance CostsAddressing complaint measures involves legal consultations and ensuring that the application adheres to local and global regulations. These costs are included in the overall budget.Also, Discover | How to Sign Ledger using Solana Wallet AdapterAccount Abstraction Wallets DrawbacksComplexity: Compared to standard wallets, the architecture may be more intricate, which might increase the likelihood of errors or implementation flaws.Experience of the User: Those who are only familiar with conventional wallets may find it difficult to grasp new ideas like transaction signature off-chain.Difficulties with Onboarding: It might be difficult for novice users to set up and use these wallets efficiently.Smart Contract Weaknesses: The usage of smart contracts exposes users to more risks, including those related to reentrancy attacks, vulnerabilities, and exploits that might result in financial loss.Signature Management: Insecure implementation of off-chain signing techniques may result in compromised private keys.Reliance on Oracles and Bridges: Multi-chain functionality often depends on external oracles and bridging services, which can introduce additional points of failure.Potential Latency: Cross-chain transactions might be slower due to the need for confirmations and interactions with multiple networks.KYC/AML Concerns: Implementing features like KYC for account abstraction wallets could complicate user privacy and lead to regulatory scrutiny.Compliance Complexity: Ensuring compliance across multiple jurisdictions can be challenging and resource-intensive.Interoperability Challenges: Different chains may have varying standards and functionalities, complicating interoperability and the overall user experience.Limited Support: Not all decentralized applications (dApps) may support account abstraction wallets, limiting their usability.If you are looking for assistance to build your blockchain-based project, connect with our skilled blockchain developers to get started.

Technology: SMART CONTRACT , REDIS more Category: Blockchain

Kapil Dagar

01 Oct 2024

ERC 4337 : Account Abstraction for Ethereum Smart Contract Wallets Understanding Account Abstraction on Ethereum for Smart Contract WalletsA novel concept in blockchain, account abstraction aims to improve and harmonize user account functionality in decentralized systems. Contract wallets, also known as smart contract accounts, can replace traditional externally held accounts thanks to account abstraction and smart contract development. A contract wallet can be controlled by a single key, multiple keys, or even a complex system encoded into the contract itself. This opens up numerous possibilities and benefits for Ethereum and other blockchain networks. Account abstraction allows for more flexible and secure management of contract wallets compared to traditional externally held accounts. For more about blockchain, Ethereum, and smart contracts, visit our smart contract development services.In the Ethereum network, two types of accounts currently exist:Externally Owned Accounts (EOAs): controlled by private keys and typically of specific people or organizations.Contract Accounts: smart contracts whose code is run according to predetermined logic.Account abstraction seeks to unify the two types of Ethereum accounts:This implies that smart contracts can now manage and carry out transactions on behalf of users rather than exclusively depending on private keys (as with EOAs), providing users with more flexibility and opening the door to new features like customizable security models, automated and gasless transactions, meta-transactions, and improved privacy. These developments streamline user interactions and increase the Ethereum ecosystem's potential.Also, Read | How to Create an NFT Rental Marketplace using ERC 4907Why do we need Account Abstraction ?The current configuration of the Ethereum network has several drawbacks:Security Risks: Due to their binary structure, private keys can be lost or stolen, which can result in an irreversible loss of money.User Experience: For new users who could find wallet security and gas principles confusing, EOAs demand private keys and gas costs in Ether, which causes friction.Hazards to Security: Due to their binary structure, private keys can be lost or stolen, which can result in an irreversible loss of money.Limited Features: Advanced features like multi-signature wallets and daily transaction restrictions cannot be implemented on EOAs due to their lack of programmability.By addressing these problems, account abstraction seeks to enhance the functionality, security, and usability of the network.Also, Read | A Guide to Implementing NFT Royalties on ERC-721 & ERC-1155Approaches to Implement Account Abstraction:Protocol-Level ChangesIt entails modifying the Ethereum protocol to allow native wallets for smart contracts. Consensus is required for this strategy throughout the Ethereum network.Layer 2 SolutionsLayer 2 networks provide the ability to offload transaction processing and implement unique transaction validation procedures.ERC 4337 (Ethereum Request for Comments)It suggests implementing account abstraction just at the application level, eliminating the need for protocol modifications.Also, Read | How to Create and Deploy a Token Bound Account | ERC-6551What is ERC 4337?A new transaction handling mechanism called UserOperation objects is introduced in ERC 4337. By signing UserOperation objects, which bundlers aggregate and transmit to the network, users avoid submitting transactions straight to the Ethereum blockchain. Without relying on the current transaction flow, this method enables smart contract wallets to safely start transactions. Implementation of ERC 4337:A number of essential elements are involved in the Solidity implementation of ERC 4337 (Account Abstraction), which combined allow for flexible and intuitive interactions with smart contracts. These are the primary elements to pay attention to:1. UserOperation StructPurpose: Represents a single user operation with all necessary information.Key Fields:sender: The address of the user or wallet executing the operation.nonce: To prevent replay attacks and track the order of operations.callData: The encoded data for the function call.gasLimit: The maximum amount of gas that can be used for the operation.maxFeePerGas & maxPriorityFeePerGas: Control over gas fees.You may also like | How to Create an ERC 721C Contract// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT pragma solidity ^0.8.0; contract UserOperationExample { struct UserOperation { address sender; // Address of the user sending the operation uint256 nonce; // Unique nonce to prevent replay attacks bytes callData; // Encoded data for the function call uint256 gasLimit; // Maximum gas limit for the operation uint256 maxFeePerGas; // Maximum fee per gas unit the user is willing to pay uint256 maxPriorityFeePerGas; // Max priority fee per gas } // Example function to demonstrate the use of UserOperation function exampleFunction(UserOperation calldata userOp) external { // Validate the user operation (you would typically check nonce, gas limits, etc.) require(userOp.sender != address(0), "Invalid sender"); require(userOp.gasLimit > 0, "Gas limit must be greater than zero"); // Here you would implement the logic to execute the operation (bool success, ) = userOp.sender.call{gas: userOp.gasLimit}(userOp.callData); require(success, "Operation failed"); // You could also emit an event here for tracking purposes } }Also, Discover | How to Create and Deploy an ERC404 token contract2. EntryPoint ContractPurpose: Central contract that receives user operations and executes them.Key Functions:executeUserOperation: Validates and executes the user operation, checking the sender's nonce, ensuring gas limits, and processing the call data.Security Checks: Implement checks to prevent issues like underflow/overflow, invalid addresses, and ensure gas payment.// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT pragma solidity ^0.8.0; contract EntryPoint { event UserOperationExecuted(address indexed sender, bytes callData); event UserOperationFailed(address indexed sender, bytes callData, string reason); // This mapping tracks the nonce for each user to prevent replay attacks mapping(address => uint256) public nonces; function executeUserOperation(UserOperation calldata userOp) external { // Validate the user operation require(userOp.sender != address(0), "Invalid sender"); require(userOp.nonce == nonces[userOp.sender], "Invalid nonce"); require(userOp.gasLimit > 0, "Gas limit must be greater than zero"); // Update the nonce nonces[userOp.sender]++; // Execute the operation (bool success, bytes memory returnData) = userOp.sender.call{gas: userOp.gasLimit}(userOp.callData); if (success) { emit UserOperationExecuted(userOp.sender, userOp.callData); } else { emit UserOperationFailed(userOp.sender, userOp.callData, _getRevertMsg(returnData)); } } // Helper function to extract revert reason function _getRevertMsg(bytes memory returnData) internal pure returns (string memory) { if (returnData.length < 68) return "Transaction reverted silently"; assembly { returnData := add(returnData, 0x04) } return abi.decode(returnData, (string)); } }Also, Discover | ERC 3643 A Protocol for Real World Asset Tokenization3. User Wallet ContractPurpose: Acts as the user's wallet to create and submit user operations.Key Functions:submitUserOperation: Collects user operation parameters and sends them to the Entry Point.Nonce Management: Increments the nonce after a successful operation to prevent replay attacks. // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT pragma solidity ^0.8.0; import "./EntryPoint.sol"; // Import the EntryPoint contract contract UserWallet { address public entryPoint; // Address of the EntryPoint contract uint256 public nonce; // Nonce for tracking user operations constructor(address _entryPoint) { entryPoint = _entryPoint; // Set the EntryPoint contract address } // Function to submit a user operation function submitUserOperation( bytes calldata callData, uint256 gasLimit, uint256 maxFeePerGas, uint256 maxPriorityFeePerGas ) external { // Create the UserOperation struct UserOperation memory userOp = UserOperation({ sender: address(this), nonce: nonce, callData: callData, gasLimit: gasLimit, maxFeePerGas: maxFeePerGas, maxPriorityFeePerGas: maxPriorityFeePerGas }); // Submit the user operation to the Entry Point EntryPoint(entryPoint).executeUserOperation(userOp); // Increment the nonce for the next operation nonce++; } // Example function to demonstrate a callable function from the wallet function exampleFunction(uint256 value) external { // Implementation of the function logic } }Also, Check | A Guide to Gasless ERC20 Token Transfer4. Gas Payment MechanismPurpose: Determines how the gas for executing user operations is paid.Considerations:You might want to allow users to pay gas fees in tokens or implement a mechanism for sponsor payments (where another entity pays the gas). // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT pragma solidity ^0.8.0; import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol"; contract EntryPoint { event UserOperationExecuted(address indexed sender, bytes callData); event UserOperationFailed(address indexed sender, bytes callData, string reason); mapping(address => uint256) public nonces; // Function to execute user operation with gas payment function executeUserOperation( UserOperation calldata userOp, address paymentToken, uint256 paymentAmount ) external payable { require(userOp.sender != address(0), "Invalid sender"); require(userOp.nonce == nonces[userOp.sender], "Invalid nonce"); require(userOp.gasLimit > 0, "Gas limit must be greater than zero"); // Validate gas payment if (paymentToken == address(0)) { // Pay with Ether require(msg.value >= paymentAmount, "Insufficient Ether sent"); } else { // Pay with ERC-20 token require(IERC20(paymentToken).transferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), paymentAmount), "Token transfer failed"); } nonces[userOp.sender]++; (bool success, bytes memory returnData) = userOp.sender.call{gas: userOp.gasLimit}(userOp.callData); if (success) { emit UserOperationExecuted(userOp.sender, userOp.callData); } else { emit UserOperationFailed(userOp.sender, userOp.callData, _getRevertMsg(returnData)); } } function _getRevertMsg(bytes memory returnData) internal pure returns (string memory) { if (returnData.length < 68) return "Transaction reverted silently"; assembly { returnData := add(returnData, 0x04) } return abi.decode(returnData, (string)); } }5. Account Abstraction WalletPurpose:To manage user actions, an Entry Point contract communicates with the Abstracted Account Wallet, which functions as a user-defined wallet. By offering a means of verifying and carrying out these procedures, it guarantees that activities may only be carried out by authorized users. // SPDX-License-Identifier: UNLICENSED pragma solidity ^0.8.9; import "./library/UserOperation.sol"; import "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/cryptography/ECDSA.sol"; contract AbstractedAccountWallet { using ECDSA for bytes32; uint256 public constant SIG_VALIDATION_FAILED = 1; uint256 public constant NONCE_VALIDATION_FAILED = 2; uint256 public constant VALIDATION_SUCCESS = 0; address public owner; uint256 public nonce; address public entryPoint; // Events for logging important actions event ExecutedOperation(address indexed sender, uint256 value, bytes data); constructor(address _entryPoint) { owner = msg.sender; nonce = 0; entryPoint = _entryPoint; } // Modifier to check if the caller is the owner of the contract modifier onlyOwner() { require(msg.sender == owner, "You are not the owner"); _; } modifier onlyEntryPoint() { require( msg.sender == entryPoint, "Only EntryPoint can call this function" ); _; } // Function to validate a user-defined operation function validateOp( UserOperation calldata op, uint256 requiredPayment ) public returns (uint256) { // Send requiredPayment to EntryPoint if (requiredPayment != 0) { payable(entryPoint).transfer(requiredPayment); } // Check nonce require(op.nonce == nonce++, "Invalid nonce"); // Check signature if ( owner != getHash(op).toEthSignedMessageHash().recover( // op.signature[32:] op.signature ) ) { return SIG_VALIDATION_FAILED; } else { // return uint256(bytes32(op.signature[0:32])); return VALIDATION_SUCCESS; } } function getHash( UserOperation memory userOp ) public view returns (bytes32) { return keccak256( abi.encode( bytes32(block.chainid), userOp.sender, userOp.nonce, keccak256(userOp.initCode), keccak256(userOp.callData), userOp.callGasLimit, userOp.verificationGasLimit, userOp.preVerificationGas, userOp.maxFeePerGas, userOp.maxPriorityFeePerGas, keccak256(userOp.paymasterAndData), entryPoint // uint256(bytes32(userOp.signature[0:32])) ) ); } }You may also like | How to Create an ERC 721 NFT TokenA recent breakthrough: EIP-4337Since the account abstraction effort moved to a different strategy, which was unveiled in EIP-4337 in late 2021, both EIP-2938 and EIP-3074 are presently dormant. Building on the idea of a smart contract wallet is the goal of the new strategy.However, remember that we already mentioned that the lack of proper infrastructure makes smart contract wallets challenging to use? Nevertheless, EIP-4337 seeks to address that without altering the L1 protocol in the process.The proposal introduces a higher-level mempool that operates with a new object called UserOperations. Instead of traditional transactions, users will send UserOperations to this mempool. Validators then select these UserOperations, bundle them into a transaction, and submit them to a specialized smart contract called the EntryPoint contract. This contract manages transaction execution and validator rewards.The method outlined in EIP-4337 simplifies the process for developers to create custom smart contract wallets.Also, Know | Create a Simple Dividend ERC20 tokenConclusion of Account Abstraction Using ERC 4337:Account abstraction and ERC 4337 are two progressive approaches to Ethereum's development. This strategy is well-positioned to promote the wider use of blockchain technology and decentralised apps by giving priority to user experience, flexibility, and security, so making them more accessible and useful for regular users. The ideas and applications resulting from ERC 4337 will probably influence the direction of decentralised finance in the future and beyond as the ecosystem develops. In case you are looking to build your project using emerging ERC standards, connect without our skilled Solidity developers to get started.

Technology: SMART CONTRACT , ETHERJS more Category: Blockchain

Yogesh Sahu

01 Oct 2024

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